Links to Other Chapters in this Series
Chapter 1: A First Lesson in Drawing
Chapter 2: Introducing the Dynamic Workspace
Chapter 3 : Words - Plastic Facts
Chapter 4 : Humpty Dumpty's Plastic World of Oneness
Chapter 5: Nature's Boundaries of Well being and Selfhood
Chapter 6: Shouting Hotpots and Ghosts
We have discovered that even though the name of an object like Noah's Ark is a singular thing, the constituent parts of what makes a visual Noah's Ark are many and plastic and always in a state of change. For instance both these images are instantly recognisable as Noah's Ark even though the boats are not the same shape (plastic) and they have different animals (constituent parts) on board.
Even very simplest of visual objects, like a face, are plastic and made up of a wide variety of possible constituent pieces: eyes, nose, ears, hair, pony tails, freckles, moustaches and bald patches........
Even very simplest of visual objects, like a face, are plastic and made up of a wide variety of possible constituent pieces: eyes, nose, ears, hair, pony tails, freckles, moustaches and bald patches........
But behind the huge variation of shape and constituent parts are rules: The water is always under the ark, the animal are on top of the boat; The nose is between the eyes. In earlier chapters we looked at the interaction between plasticity of the outline of objects versus placing of marks within the boundary walls of the object. In this chapter I am going to attempt to take these observations further and explain the dynamics of the fluid relationships.
Energised Blankness
To understand the dynamics of visual grammar you need to understand the concept of energised blankness. This is very simple to grasp. To show you how it works I have drawn some running mice in the centre of a blank piece of paper
Objects energise space around them. This energy is not equally dispersed. The mice are looking over their backs as if they are running away from something frightening. The blank space where the eye expects to see what is causing the mice to run away has become energised.
If Energised Blankness were to show up as orange, and unenergised were to show as blue, the paper would look like this
The space behind the wall is unenergised because the eye expects to see nothing interesting in this area. The floor is slightly energised because the eye anticipates the mice are running on it.
When I compose a picture I remove the un-energised space and extend the energised space. So in this case I reorganise the composition of my drawing to be something like this. Now every part of the compositon is contributing to the narrative of the picture
Blank areas may contain nothing, but they contribute to the composition because the space vibrates with energy and expectation, it is as if the blankness is shouting at us "watch out, something is about to happen in this empty area of the paper".
Energised Blankness
To understand the dynamics of visual grammar you need to understand the concept of energised blankness. This is very simple to grasp. To show you how it works I have drawn some running mice in the centre of a blank piece of paper
Objects energise space around them. This energy is not equally dispersed. The mice are looking over their backs as if they are running away from something frightening. The blank space where the eye expects to see what is causing the mice to run away has become energised.
If Energised Blankness were to show up as orange, and unenergised were to show as blue, the paper would look like this
The space behind the wall is unenergised because the eye expects to see nothing interesting in this area. The floor is slightly energised because the eye anticipates the mice are running on it.
When I compose a picture I remove the un-energised space and extend the energised space. So in this case I reorganise the composition of my drawing to be something like this. Now every part of the compositon is contributing to the narrative of the picture
Blank areas may contain nothing, but they contribute to the composition because the space vibrates with energy and expectation, it is as if the blankness is shouting at us "watch out, something is about to happen in this empty area of the paper".
If I draw a stalk of grass in this energised space we are still not satisfied, grass is not what the mice are running away from. The sense of shouting blankness is still there, the air around the stalk of grass still contains a shouting voice that is warning us "something is about to happen in this empty area of the paper".
I could draw lots more grass. If I do this the grass itself becomes energised because the eye begins to believe that there is something dangerous hidden in amongst the grass, perhaps a snake. Now it is not the energised air that is shouting, it is the energised grass.
The shouting will only stop after we have put something in the space that fits the predictions of the mind; something has to have frightened the mice, it was not the grass, what can it be? A cat will do.
Placing an object the mind expected to see in the energised hot spot stops the shouting. Look at these four pictures again; the three pictures with the grass and energised blankness have an asymmetrical unstable spooky quality, in contrast the picture with the cat is full of movement that flows across the image in a single sweep. The subject of the cat picture is perhaps brutal, but it is not spooky. It is as if the cat has drained the spooky energy from the air replaced it with a new sort of energy that instead of shouting "watch out, something is about to happen in this empty area of the paper" winks: "I am the dangerous cat that is frightening the mice"
The Eye
Objects energise space in all sorts of ways. Eyes are ideal interesting demonstration objects in this respect. This is a single eye placed in the centre of a piece of paper.
If we were to make an energy diagram it would look like this. The hot spot is where we would expect to see another eye.
If I put a blotch anywhere in the blue unenergised blankness it looks like a separate object unrelated to the existence of the eye.
But when the blotch is put in the energised area it begins to wink back "I am an (bruised?) eye" This is because the mind wants to see an eye in the hotspot area
If we crop out the blue unenergised blankness the image of two eyes gets even stronger
and changing the spodge for a drawing of an eye makes the image stronger again
The energised blankness has guided me to draw a pattern that has strong psychological power over the human mind. This is how active drawing works, active drawing is about working under the guidance of the subconscious mind.
Returning to the Dynamics of Visual Grammar
Now I want to put what we have just learnt about energised blankness into the context of visual grammar. Here is a smiley with a missing eye, it is a spooky image.
It is spookey because the image has a hotspot of energised blankness. It also has a number of other warm and lukewarm spots of varying intensity. These is an energy diagram showing just some of them.
The energy can be graded from burning hot to warm to cold. The most intensely energised blankness create the hotspots that scream for your immediate attention. The missing eye is the first thing you notice about the image, whilst other missing things are hardly noticed as missing at all. The missing nose is perhaps a warm spot, but less intense than the missing eye. Ears, hair and body are lukewarm spots; we hardly notice their absence until we look for them.
This is what happens if we add an ear and nose
The blankness where the second eye should be is still screaming at us "I am missing an eye"
By adding a nose we have drained the energy from warmspot at the centre of the face, but the lukewarm spot for the second ear has heated up and is now shouting "I am missing an ear too"
We think we have free will when we are drawing, and indeed we do make choices, but those choices are largely guided by what is happening on the paper while the drawing is developing. It takes will power to draw an ear before a second eye, and once we have put in one ear the paper starts to insist that we put in a second ear. Our addition of marks on the paper, which I have called the dynamic workspace, are sequential. By that I mean they follow an order. The sequences are not random, if we do not resist we will be guided by suggestions from the subconscious mind and the result will be a window into our minds. Faced with the image above we feel emotionally compelled (but which we can resist) to add the missing eye and missing ear (in that order) to complete the picture.
The image is still missing hair and body, but these energised spaces are not very intense and the image is no longer spooky. We could consider the image finished, or we can go on adding bits to the lukewarm areas.
One lukewarm area is where the body should be. Any object of any shape will fill this roll of being a body (as we have mentioned in earlier chapters context trumps shape and detail)
One lukewarm area is where the body should be. Any object of any shape will fill this roll of being a body (as we have mentioned in earlier chapters context trumps shape and detail)
In fact I do not even have to draw the body at all. I can rely on the lukewarm energy to provide a sense that the head has a body below it
and I can make my little fellow taller by making the paper longer
and I can make my little fellow taller by making the paper longer
Conscious decision-making is a very important part of drawing and Art, however giving ourselves up to be guided by unconsciousness is also Art. Great Artists harvest from both conscious and unconscious mindfulness, and learn how to grow both aspects of their technique together.
Within the Borders of an Object
A visual object has a physical border between itself and the outside world. Inside those borders are the composite parts (composite parts/objects contained inside the borders of the face are eyes, nose, mouth....). There are no limits (other than size and space) to how many composite parts are put inside the borders of an object; there is no rule that disallows a face to have ten eyes and a million freckles.
The composite parts inside the borders have lives of their own and they create hotspots which become the rules controlling the patterns that make a face recognisable. Amongst the rules for a human face are that it has two eyes with a hotspot between the eyes where the nose sits.
Influence of Objects beyond their Borders
The smiley is an object that is physically limited by its borders, but the object, and the composite parts inside the smiley do influence the world beyond their physical borders; for instance next to every human left eye is the ghostly image of a right eye
There is another way that objects influence the world beyond their own physicality. Eyes are again excellent demonstration objects to show this influence.. When the cat looks right an energised hotspot develops starts shouting "I am the something the cat is looking at"
And when the eyes moves the shouting hotspot moves too
and because we are active drawers not resisting our unconscious urges we draw a mouse to eliminate the shouting hotspot. Then we crop the unenergised space on the left of the picture.
Unfortunately the composition still looks unsettling. This is because we have added a new object and our new object has caused a new shouting hotpot to develop. The space directly in front of the mouse shouting "I am running into the space in front of me".....but we have given him no space to run into!
So we extend the composition to give space in front of the mouse.
and because we do not want the mouse to be eaten we give him a hole to seek refuge in
Projected shouting hotspots are extremely common in compositions. They are created by gaze, pointing and projected movement, such as we just witnessed when we added the mouse. We have seen that when the energy is left unresolved they create asymmetric compositions and ghosts, and when the energy is soaked up by an object the image becomes a balanced compositions. Management of the hotspots is an important tool in an artist's armoury.
When we see the shouting hotspot caused by the roving eyes of a cat we envisage seeing an escaping mouse even though we are physically looking at blank space. Actually evolution has equipped us to see these unseen ghosts in our real lives. Consider a sports person catching a ball or hunter throwing a spear at a running animal; The sportsman has to envisage where the ball will meet his hands and the hunter must throw his a spear at a point he imagines the deer will be when it reaches its target?
When we walk into an oncoming crowd we have to manage a path that avoids us bumping into other people. As individuals come our way we move out of their path, and they avoid us. If we could look down on ourselves like birds with magic hypersenistive eyes we would perhaps see ourselves choosing to take the cold spots between the shouting hotspots cast by other people, and the people coming the other way will be predicting our path and avoiding us.
Generally the space someone is walking or looking into will have the feeling of future, and the area a person has walked out of will have a feeling of the past. Sometimes, when walking on a sandy beach, the footprints will heighten that sensation of the past. In the fairy tale Hansel and Gretel the children walk into the woods dropping a trail of crumbs behind them, as they go deeper in the forest and get lost they finally come across a Ginger bread house.
So the energy of this picture is focused on the past, the knowing eye finds the bread crumb trail and is aware of the light the children are walking away from. The future into which the children are venturing is dark. This picture is unusual in that it is holding us back in the past and not beckoning us into the future
As a rule I would crop a picture in a way that gives room for the subject to walk or look into.
But I can crop the future from a picture and keep the past. This composition leaves space from which the dancer has stepped. It has the quality of having finished a performance and about to make a reverence to an unseen audience. This picture has a quality of past events.
This ability to have choice about how to incorporate time in a composition has implications: The artworks themselves are created sequentially, and the audience scan the images sequentially. Suddenly we are in realms of threads of thought and consciousness, of multi parallel worlds, this is where understanding visual grammar becomes really interesting because with the knowledge comes a potential to mirror strands of conscious thought.
