Part 1 The Secret History of the Snowdrop
This is a link to Part 2
I once went to a lecture about snowdrops. The lady lecturer was showing us pictures which all looked the same, to be honest her lecture was becoming boring. Suddenly, as if from nowhere, she blurted out "I don't know why I am giving this talk, I have never liked these plants". I was shocked because I have always loved the flowers. I have a vivid memory of going on a long walk during my days as a student in North Wales. That year the Spring had been long and cold and I wanted to see snowdrops, after walking in freezing winds for what felt like two hours I finally found a garden where the flowers had emerged from the barren earth, they were pure and white. We all wait for the arrival of the first delicate flowers of Spring, and by chance the first flowers that break from under the snow are the colour of snow. Why had the lecturer hated them so?
In Northern Europe we have inherited richly complex and ambivalent names and stories that thread their way back through many strands of history. The material can be divided and summarised in two parts; the first is to do with religious division between Protestant Northern Europe and the Catholic traditions of Purification, the Virgin Mary and Candlemas. These roots reach back through the melting pot of multicultural Rome of the 4th century into the pre-classic cultures of Egypt and Greece. The second part of our story survived through many beautiful fairy tales of Northern Europe and Russia that rest on a broad uneven bedrock of distant bronze age cultures. The festivals of these bronze age cultures survive to this day in the the Balkans, northern Greece and Russia where snowdrops are native and where the plants have never lost their status as herbs and potent symbols of rebirth and fertility.
To English eyes Snowdrops look like drops of snow, to French and Germans they look like milk "Goutte de lait" (drops of milk) or "Milchblume" (“milk flower”). In 1753 the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus married the Continental and English ideas; he gave the plant their Latin name "Galanthus nivalis" which means "Milk Flowers of the Snow". They are more commonly known in France as "Pierce-neige", which literally means "Snow Piercers", which is a Common name that has also spread into Yorkshire and Germany "Schneedurchstecher". The Italians use Bucaneve (Snow punch)
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| Pierce-neige or Snow Piercers (photo: http://missapismellifera.com) |
Other poetic English names include "Fair Maids of February" "Dingle-Dangles" "Snow Bells" "Snowflowers", "Dewdrops", "Drooping bells", "Eve’s comforters" "Eve’s Tears" and "Naked Maiden",. There are just as lovely descriptive names on the Continent, and I would enjoy adding to the collection if you write to me with the names you know. I especially like the Swiss name for the flower "Amselblumli" or "black bird flower" because it blooms as the amsel (blackbird) start to sing. The German's liken the flower to drop-shaped earrings and the Spanish to White Bells
Our English names are not really old. When John Gerard was writing his Herball in 1597 he seemed at a loss about what to call the cultivated flowers. The first appearance of "Snowdrop" is in Thomas Johnson's revised edition of Gerard's Herball (1633) where he added the footnote “some call them snowdrops”. The only other country to use Snowdrop is Sweden.
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| John Gerard 1545 - 1612 |
In 1597 Gerard wrote that the flowers were 'maintained and cherished in gardens for the beauty and rareness of the flowers, and sweetness of their smell..'. Gerarde continued '...these plants do grow wild in Italie and places adjacent,
notwithstanding our London gardens have taken possession of them all,
many years past.' He ended up calling the unknown plants the "Timely flowring Bulbus violet".
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| 1597 John Gerarde (1545–1612) |
John Gerard had no knowledge of their use as medicinal herbs: "Touching the faculties of these bulbous Violets we have nothing to say, seeing that nothing is set downe hearof by the antient Writers" and if he had experimented with eating them he would have experienced stomach aches and diarrhoea. Gerard could not have been more wrong, their healing properties are mentioned by Homer and in places where the plants are native, like Northern Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and the Southern Russian Caucasus Mountains, there was a long history of galanthus being used for medicinal purposes. In the 1950s a Bulgarian pharmacologist noticed local villagers rubbing the plant on their foreheads to ease pain. Further investigation led to the isolation of an alkaloid extract of the snowdrop, galantamine that helped inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an important nerve messenger. This chance observation has lead to important new drugs for the modern treatments against Alzheimers Disease and Malaria.
In Tudor times, when John Gerard was writing, the plants had many Catholic names given by the medieval monks who had brought the bulbs from their homelands in Italy. The most common being "Mary's taper" "Candlemass Bells" and "Candlemas Lilies", other Catholic names include "Christ's Flower", "Purification Flower", "Snow-bells", "White
Ladies", "White Purification", "White Queen" and "The Virgin's Flower".
These Catholic names are found right across Northern Europe:
German:
Lichtmess-Glocken (Candlemas bells)
Marienkerzen (Mary's Candles)
Josefs-Blume (St Joseph's Flower)
Northern France
Chandeleur (1786) (Candlemas)
Porillon de la Chandeleur (1881) (Candlemas narcissus)
Violette de la Chandeleur (1819) (Candlemas Violet)
Claudinette (because the flower was introduced by a monk called Claude)
Pucelle (1816) ( a flower dedicated to the Virgin Marie and Candlemas)
'Bonshommes' (1884) (or 'good Christians' was how the believers of the Cathar movement referred to themselves)
Swiss Alps
Some of the names even tell us the names of the monks who introduced the flowers. To this day the ruins of old Abbeys and Monasteries are often surrounded by large patches of snowdrops which may be descended from the snowdrops planted by the clergy.
Gerard lived during the turbulent English Reformation in a society that was neurotically fearful of Catholic insurrection. He seems to know that the plants came from Italy but seems to have been avoiding mentioning the Catholic church's part in introducing them, and it seems he was purposely avoiding using the Catholic names people knew these flowers by.
Candlemas, otherwise known as the Christian Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is on 2 Feburary. Many scholars believe that the roots of the festival connect in mercurial ways with earlier Roman, Jewish and Pagan myths and celebrations of Spring. A Christian version of the festival of candle light was first recorded at the end of the 4th century by a Roman Christian pilgrim called Egeria who recounted his journey in the holy places of Christianity. He describes the rite of lucernare "Do all the lamps and candles, thus making a great light" (Itinerarium 24, 4). At that time the festival was celebrated on February 14 which is 40 days after the Epiphany (The Epiphany are the 12 days of Christmas). In Jewish custom a woman was considered unclean of menstrual blood for a period of 40 days after giving birth to a boy and had to go to the Temple to be purified. According to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:22–40) Mary and Joseph went with their baby to the Temple in Jerusalem for the purification ritual.
Today it is fashionable to make connections between the Christian Candelmas and Roman pagan festivals, in particular with a festival called Lupercalia (Festival of the Wolves which was also celebrated on 14 Feburary). During the wolf festival naked men smeared the blood of a sacrificed dog and two goats on their foreheads and then wearing only the skins ran through the streets lashing the hands of the maidens of Rome that lined the streets, this was said to encourage fertility. According to Ovid the festival was derived from an earlier Etruscan ritual called Februa which in the Etruscan language means "to purge". It is also the origin of our word February. I do not believe this connection between Candelmas and Lupercalia because the only evidence of cross-fertilisation is the concurrent date and place. We know the Christian date was predetermined by the date of Christmas and the wolf festival is unsuited to represent the Christian story or its values.
Later the Christians changed the date of Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary from forty days after the Epiphany (14 Feburary) to forty days after Christmas Day (2 February, Candelmas day). This has made Candelmas nearly coincide with a Gaelic festival called Imbolc (30 Jan - 1 Feb)
The Christian-Pagan rituals Imbolc has survived into the 20th century and is celebrated on 1 February. It is sacred to the pagans because this day is the midpoint between between Winter Solstice and Spring equinox. The celebrations, which were similar to the long gone awakening of the bear festivals in Germany, often involved fires and the lighting of torches and candles that are said to represent the return of warmth and the increasing power of the Sun over the coming months. In some areas Imbolc has connections with blackthorn blossom (snowdrops were not native to Ireland and Scotland) and it's name may be a corruption of the Old Irish imb-fholc, "to wash/cleanse oneself". The Christians of the 4th century were fiercely anti pagan, the church authorities had specifically banned candles because they wanted to keep themselves clear of pagan idolatry, and the dates and place do not coincide. I can see few reasons for Christians to borrow rituals from a far away Gaelic spring festival.
The Candlemas celebration, as it survives in Italy today, makes perfect sense with what was written in the bible The Jewish custom was to take a lamb to the Temple, but according to the Gospel of St Luke Joseph and Mary were poor and could only afford to offer a pair turtle doves or pigeons (Leviticus 12:8). This story is re-enacted in towns and churches across southern Europe.
The celebration starts with the Church being decorated with candles and snowdrops.
Clergy collect the statue and take her round the streets of the town
Whilst the statue is paraded round the town her place in the church is kept warm with snowdrops that are placed on the dais where she usually stands.
Sadly I could not find a picture where the tradition is being re-enacted using real snowdrops, it seems that in these modern times they prefer to use white cut flowers from the local flower shop.
The fact that the medieval monks brought the snowdrops with them to the monasteries Northern Europe makes me think that they were required as a necessary part of the ritual. The Virgin Mary is associated with many flowers, in particular white Lilies. Flowers and the Virgin Mary seem to go together, on Google images there are many examples in pictures of the Annunciation where the angle is often painted presenting a white flower to Mary.
There are suggestions that the cult of the Virgin Mary was developed out the cult of Isis/Aphrodite which in the formative years of Christianity had spread through the Roman empire, for instance there was a large temple to Isis at Pompei. Isis, wife of Osirus, and mother of the Sun was sometimes represented as a breast feeding mother.
Isis also held the title "Queen of Heaven" because she was mother of the Sun God Horus. One of the emblems of Isis is the Lotus flower (usually blue but sometimes white) which in Egyptian mythology represented the Sun because its flowers bloom every day of the year. It also represented rebirth, healing and through its fragrance, Godliness
The priestesses of Isis wore white
and made perfume called "the aroma of Isis" from Lotus flowers. This image of an Ibis with a lotus flower on its head is from the temple of Isis in Pompei.
Another cult very popular with the Roman soldiers was centred on a God called Mithras. This cult is thought to have originated from Persia and had roots Zoroastrianism. Christians and Mithraians, both popular with the soldiers, both believed in good, evil and redemption. Mithras' reliefs often have images of Mithras banqueting with his friend Sol, the unconquerable sun who has a halo of fire round his head.
In Rome there was a
festival on 25 December called natalis invicti that celebrated the birth of the
Unconquerable Sun. (In some pagan
traditions the Sun dies on the Winter Solstice (21 Dec) and is reborn four days
later on the (25 December)).
It is said that Constantine the Great rallied his troops under the Christian banner of ☧ (Chi Rho) to win the battle of Milvan Bridge (312 AD). Having won this battle he entered Rome and became Caesar
Chi (Χ) traversed by Rho (Ρ): ☧, a symbol representing the first two letters of the Greek spelling of the word Christos or Christ.
Constantine was an ambitious and pragmatic man who converted to Christianity after becoming Caesar. He set about transforming Christianity from being a marginalised, disparate and sometimes fractious underground sect and set it on the path to becoming the principle religion of the Roman Empire in 389AD. As the Church moved out of their dark basement churches they took over the temples to Mithras (also in basments). Some of today's churches, like Basilica of San Clements (rebuilt 1100), still have foundations on top of the remains of earlier Mithraic temples
We can see why the Sun God was acceptable to Early Christians, Jesus often refers to himself as the light. Christianity is not alone in believing light has spiritual meaning,
but the development of Christian theology of light is an eccentric and
interesting story. In the old testament God revealing himself to Moses
as a burning bush, but the notion that "God is Light" becomes of central
importance to Christianity because of what St John tells us in his
Gospel:
" This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all.
and Jesus tells his followers "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life." John 8:12.
Given these texts it is possible to imagine Early Christians accepting the light of the Sun as representative of God. It seems possible that whilst the Christian were absorbing Sun symbols and rituals of Mithraic calendar they also were absorbing elements of the cult of Isis/Aphrodite and her baby the sun god Horus. She was after all the mother of the Sun God who was born on Christmas day.
It is easy to imagine that during the changeover the symbols of Isis (mother of god/Sol) were given to Mary (mother of Jesus/God), but instead of being a lotus it became a white Lily, and the crown of the Queen of Egypt became a crown of the Queen of Heaven (or the fiery halo of the sun).
The celebration of Candlemas is very beautiful. The use of candles as a symbol of the light of God is very convincing, but the authorities of early church would have disagreed with you. One of the ten commandments says "thou shalt have no other gods before me". Candle light was already used on the shrines where Pagan's worshipped, so to worship the light of a candle was the same as to worship another god. At The Synod of Elvira (AD 306, which is before Constantine became Caesar) the Church authorities forbid the use of altar lights and declared "that candles be not burned during the day in cemeteries for fear of troubling the spirits of the Saints" This is further evidence that cults like Lupercalia and Imbolc were already anathema to the early Church. The proscription against "pagan" altar-lights then lasted until 1215 when Pope Innocent III revised the Christian teachings and made altar-lights acceptable, especially when the gospels were not being read.
Imagine yourself as a monk in a dark and cold church without candles on a cold winter's day in February 310 trying to celebrate the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. You would want to venerate the purity of the Queen of Heaven, it is the wrong season for lilies but out of the melting snow appear the blooms of the first snowdrops (Candlemas Lilies!) of Spring. They must have seemed to be a gift and sign from God. You would like to use candles, but candles are proscribed, all you have for candles are snowdrops, so you call them "Mary's Tapers" or "Marienkerzen" (German Mary's Candles). After 1215, when the prescription against altar candle were lifted the celebration of Candlemas became an opulent mixture of flowers and candles.
But old habits die hard, in Protestant Europe altar candles were again being thought to be an example of Popish blasphemy. In 1536, during the English reformation, Henry VIII reaffirmed "Ye shall suffer henceforth, no candles, tapers, or images of wax to be set before any image or picture, but only the light that goeth across the church by the rood-loft, the light before the sacrament of the altar, and the light about the sepulchre, which for the adorning of the church and divine service ye shall suffer to remain" (Vicar- General Injunction). The altars of Anglican churches were candleless for another three hundred years.
Poor John Gerard, who as a boy had lived through Bloody Mary's reign and was writing 10 years after the Spanish Armada, had every reason to avoid mentioning that the snowdrops were called Candlemas Bells or that they had been brought to this country by the Catholic monks!
But intolerance and inflexibility of the English reformation did not last forever. They may for a while have succeeded in smothering the use of Catholic names for Snowdrops but it was much harder to extinguish the symbolic associations of the flower with notions of purity, chastity and virginity. There are suggestions that even during Elizabeth 1 reign the name "The Virgin Flower" was still being used by courtiers in honour of the Protestant Virgin Queen of England. (a lovely example of linguistic subversiveness).
These Catholic names are found right across Northern Europe:
German:
Lichtmess-Glocken (Candlemas bells)
Marienkerzen (Mary's Candles)
Josefs-Blume (St Joseph's Flower)
Northern France
Chandeleur (1786) (Candlemas)
Porillon de la Chandeleur (1881) (Candlemas narcissus)
Violette de la Chandeleur (1819) (Candlemas Violet)
Claudinette (because the flower was introduced by a monk called Claude)
Pucelle (1816) ( a flower dedicated to the Virgin Marie and Candlemas)
'Bonshommes' (1884) (or 'good Christians' was how the believers of the Cathar movement referred to themselves)
Swiss Alps
Flouou dé chen dzojé (2005) (Flower of St Joseph)
Clhujà Sent Jeuziê (1997) (? St Joseph) Alps Some of the names even tell us the names of the monks who introduced the flowers. To this day the ruins of old Abbeys and Monasteries are often surrounded by large patches of snowdrops which may be descended from the snowdrops planted by the clergy.
 |
| Snowdrops outside the ruins of Fountains Abbey 1132 - 1539 |
Gerard lived during the turbulent English Reformation in a society that was neurotically fearful of Catholic insurrection. He seems to know that the plants came from Italy but seems to have been avoiding mentioning the Catholic church's part in introducing them, and it seems he was purposely avoiding using the Catholic names people knew these flowers by.
Candlemas, otherwise known as the Christian Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is on 2 Feburary. Many scholars believe that the roots of the festival connect in mercurial ways with earlier Roman, Jewish and Pagan myths and celebrations of Spring. A Christian version of the festival of candle light was first recorded at the end of the 4th century by a Roman Christian pilgrim called Egeria who recounted his journey in the holy places of Christianity. He describes the rite of lucernare "Do all the lamps and candles, thus making a great light" (Itinerarium 24, 4). At that time the festival was celebrated on February 14 which is 40 days after the Epiphany (The Epiphany are the 12 days of Christmas). In Jewish custom a woman was considered unclean of menstrual blood for a period of 40 days after giving birth to a boy and had to go to the Temple to be purified. According to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:22–40) Mary and Joseph went with their baby to the Temple in Jerusalem for the purification ritual.
 |
| Presentation of Jesus in the Temple: Fra Angelico 1440 |
Today it is fashionable to make connections between the Christian Candelmas and Roman pagan festivals, in particular with a festival called Lupercalia (Festival of the Wolves which was also celebrated on 14 Feburary). During the wolf festival naked men smeared the blood of a sacrificed dog and two goats on their foreheads and then wearing only the skins ran through the streets lashing the hands of the maidens of Rome that lined the streets, this was said to encourage fertility. According to Ovid the festival was derived from an earlier Etruscan ritual called Februa which in the Etruscan language means "to purge". It is also the origin of our word February. I do not believe this connection between Candelmas and Lupercalia because the only evidence of cross-fertilisation is the concurrent date and place. We know the Christian date was predetermined by the date of Christmas and the wolf festival is unsuited to represent the Christian story or its values.
 |
| Lupercalia |
Later the Christians changed the date of Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary from forty days after the Epiphany (14 Feburary) to forty days after Christmas Day (2 February, Candelmas day). This has made Candelmas nearly coincide with a Gaelic festival called Imbolc (30 Jan - 1 Feb)
The Christian-Pagan rituals Imbolc has survived into the 20th century and is celebrated on 1 February. It is sacred to the pagans because this day is the midpoint between between Winter Solstice and Spring equinox. The celebrations, which were similar to the long gone awakening of the bear festivals in Germany, often involved fires and the lighting of torches and candles that are said to represent the return of warmth and the increasing power of the Sun over the coming months. In some areas Imbolc has connections with blackthorn blossom (snowdrops were not native to Ireland and Scotland) and it's name may be a corruption of the Old Irish imb-fholc, "to wash/cleanse oneself". The Christians of the 4th century were fiercely anti pagan, the church authorities had specifically banned candles because they wanted to keep themselves clear of pagan idolatry, and the dates and place do not coincide. I can see few reasons for Christians to borrow rituals from a far away Gaelic spring festival.
 |
| Imbolc/wolf festival Candlemas Festival 2007 (oh dear) |
The Candlemas celebration, as it survives in Italy today, makes perfect sense with what was written in the bible The Jewish custom was to take a lamb to the Temple, but according to the Gospel of St Luke Joseph and Mary were poor and could only afford to offer a pair turtle doves or pigeons (Leviticus 12:8). This story is re-enacted in towns and churches across southern Europe.
The celebration starts with the Church being decorated with candles and snowdrops.
Clergy collect the statue and take her round the streets of the town
Whilst the statue is paraded round the town her place in the church is kept warm with snowdrops that are placed on the dais where she usually stands.
Sadly I could not find a picture where the tradition is being re-enacted using real snowdrops, it seems that in these modern times they prefer to use white cut flowers from the local flower shop.
These celebration were taken across Europe and remnants of these Catholic customs may have survived in England. Margaret Baker, in her well known book "Discovering the Folklore of Plants" 1969, mentions that "In Shropshire and Herefordshire the house was 'cleansed' when the
snowdrop was carried in with ceremony in the 'white purification'. Other stories that young girls would wear garlands of snowdrops into
church and chant “The snowdrop in
purest white array, first rears her head on Candlemas Day" are Victorian fantasy. (The poem is derived 19th century catholic essayist named Dr Thomas Forster)
The fact that the medieval monks brought the snowdrops with them to the monasteries Northern Europe makes me think that they were required as a necessary part of the ritual. The Virgin Mary is associated with many flowers, in particular white Lilies. Flowers and the Virgin Mary seem to go together, on Google images there are many examples in pictures of the Annunciation where the angle is often painted presenting a white flower to Mary.
 |
| The Annunciation and Two Saints 1333. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence |
There are suggestions that the cult of the Virgin Mary was developed out the cult of Isis/Aphrodite which in the formative years of Christianity had spread through the Roman empire, for instance there was a large temple to Isis at Pompei. Isis, wife of Osirus, and mother of the Sun was sometimes represented as a breast feeding mother.
 |
| ISIS from Karanis in Graeco-Roman Egypt. |
The priestesses of Isis wore white
and made perfume called "the aroma of Isis" from Lotus flowers. This image of an Ibis with a lotus flower on its head is from the temple of Isis in Pompei.
 |
| Ibis, sacred to Isis, with lotus flowers on its head/ Pompei |
Another cult very popular with the Roman soldiers was centred on a God called Mithras. This cult is thought to have originated from Persia and had roots Zoroastrianism. Christians and Mithraians, both popular with the soldiers, both believed in good, evil and redemption. Mithras' reliefs often have images of Mithras banqueting with his friend Sol, the unconquerable sun who has a halo of fire round his head.
 |
| Above Mithras slaying a bull/ below Mithras sharing dinner with Sol |
It is said that Constantine the Great rallied his troops under the Christian banner of ☧ (Chi Rho) to win the battle of Milvan Bridge (312 AD). Having won this battle he entered Rome and became Caesar
 |
| Chi-Rho |
Constantine was an ambitious and pragmatic man who converted to Christianity after becoming Caesar. He set about transforming Christianity from being a marginalised, disparate and sometimes fractious underground sect and set it on the path to becoming the principle religion of the Roman Empire in 389AD. As the Church moved out of their dark basement churches they took over the temples to Mithras (also in basments). Some of today's churches, like Basilica of San Clements (rebuilt 1100), still have foundations on top of the remains of earlier Mithraic temples
 |
| The Basilica of San Clement, Rome (rebuilt in 1100) |
 |
| Remains of Mithric temple under St Clements |
" This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all.
If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth:
But
if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one
with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from
all sin." (John 1: 5-7)
and Jesus tells his followers "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life." John 8:12.
Given these texts it is possible to imagine Early Christians accepting the light of the Sun as representative of God. It seems possible that whilst the Christian were absorbing Sun symbols and rituals of Mithraic calendar they also were absorbing elements of the cult of Isis/Aphrodite and her baby the sun god Horus. She was after all the mother of the Sun God who was born on Christmas day.
 |
| Isis, Queen of Heaven with infant Horus - Louvre |
 |
| Enthroned Virgin and Child, Limosin, France |
The celebration of Candlemas is very beautiful. The use of candles as a symbol of the light of God is very convincing, but the authorities of early church would have disagreed with you. One of the ten commandments says "thou shalt have no other gods before me". Candle light was already used on the shrines where Pagan's worshipped, so to worship the light of a candle was the same as to worship another god. At The Synod of Elvira (AD 306, which is before Constantine became Caesar) the Church authorities forbid the use of altar lights and declared "that candles be not burned during the day in cemeteries for fear of troubling the spirits of the Saints" This is further evidence that cults like Lupercalia and Imbolc were already anathema to the early Church. The proscription against "pagan" altar-lights then lasted until 1215 when Pope Innocent III revised the Christian teachings and made altar-lights acceptable, especially when the gospels were not being read.
Imagine yourself as a monk in a dark and cold church without candles on a cold winter's day in February 310 trying to celebrate the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. You would want to venerate the purity of the Queen of Heaven, it is the wrong season for lilies but out of the melting snow appear the blooms of the first snowdrops (Candlemas Lilies!) of Spring. They must have seemed to be a gift and sign from God. You would like to use candles, but candles are proscribed, all you have for candles are snowdrops, so you call them "Mary's Tapers" or "Marienkerzen" (German Mary's Candles). After 1215, when the prescription against altar candle were lifted the celebration of Candlemas became an opulent mixture of flowers and candles.
 |
| picture: www.wight-walks.co.uk |
But old habits die hard, in Protestant Europe altar candles were again being thought to be an example of Popish blasphemy. In 1536, during the English reformation, Henry VIII reaffirmed "Ye shall suffer henceforth, no candles, tapers, or images of wax to be set before any image or picture, but only the light that goeth across the church by the rood-loft, the light before the sacrament of the altar, and the light about the sepulchre, which for the adorning of the church and divine service ye shall suffer to remain" (Vicar- General Injunction). The altars of Anglican churches were candleless for another three hundred years.
Poor John Gerard, who as a boy had lived through Bloody Mary's reign and was writing 10 years after the Spanish Armada, had every reason to avoid mentioning that the snowdrops were called Candlemas Bells or that they had been brought to this country by the Catholic monks!
But intolerance and inflexibility of the English reformation did not last forever. They may for a while have succeeded in smothering the use of Catholic names for Snowdrops but it was much harder to extinguish the symbolic associations of the flower with notions of purity, chastity and virginity. There are suggestions that even during Elizabeth 1 reign the name "The Virgin Flower" was still being used by courtiers in honour of the Protestant Virgin Queen of England. (a lovely example of linguistic subversiveness).
 |
| The Virgin Flow for the Protestant Virgin Queen Elizabeth I Photo: Daily Express |
Some 300 years later in Victorian England a new cult of Virginity and Chastity thrived in Britain. It was set up by a Christian philanthropist called Ellice Hopkins who advocated sexual education and protection for working class women. She believed in “robust virtue, not helpless innocence.”
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| Ellice Hopkins 1836-1904 |
and this picture of one of the 108 homes as sanctuary for girls
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| Hastings Ladies Association Home c 1915 which was founded by Ellice |
Conveniently for my story of the snowdrop I have discovered that in 2014 a new Christian charity was born called "The Snowdrop Project" which was formed for the protection of victims of human trafficking, including young girls who have been brought to this country to be subjected to exploitation and prostitution. The Charity even has a journal called "the Snowdrop". http://snowdropproject.co.uk/
Today Snowdrops are everywhere in the countryside, in Pembrokeshire our lanes are white with their blooms. They are also especially common in church yards and cemeteries. Perhaps because of Candlemas, perhaps because they are a natural flower of choice, growing as they do out of the barren soil of winter, bringing life and resurrection.
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| Snowdrops in Graveyard photo: www.panoramio.com |
Unfortunately this custom of planting in graveyards might have led to an unfortunate Common name for Snowdrops: "Death Flowers". Victorians said the drooping head of the flowers resembled shrouds and had a saying that "they grow closer to the dead than the living" (was this a memory of propaganda created during English Reformation?). In many parts of the country taking the first snowdrop of Spring or single flowers into the house is still bad luck, other houses have celebrations of purity involving bringing snowdrops into the house. We are very ambivalent towards snowdrops.
So far I have only told half the story, there is a second strand which tells of powerful even older myths at work in Eastern Europe that spread north to Russia and West to Germany and Britain , that unknown to us are still celebrated in our daily lives and cultures. To read about these you will have to wait for part 2 of The Secret History of the Snowdrop.
LINK TO PART TWO
MADONNA WITH SNOWDROPS
This image of a Madonna with snowdrops, lily of the Valley and roses was sent by a Swiss lady
Oberrheinischer Meister, Madonna in den Erdbeeren, um
1425, Mischtenchink auf Fichtenholz, 144,5x87,5 cm, übernommen vom Kunstverein
Solothurn, 1879
Names gathered from the Internet
BRITISH
BRITISH
English
Fair Maids of February
Dingle-Dangles
Snow Bells
Snowflowers
Dewdrops
Drooping bells
Eve’s comforters
Eve’s Tears
Mary's taper
Candlemass Bells
Candlemas Lilies
Christ's Flower
Naked Maiden
Purification Flower
Snow-bells
White
Ladies
White Purification
White Queen
The Virgin's Flower
Snow Piercer Yorkshire
Welsh
Blodyn
yr Eira (Snow Flower)
Cloch
Maban (Baby Bells)
Eirlys. (Snow ????)
Y lili wen fach (The Small White Lily)
Y lili wen fach (The Small White Lily)
Scottish Gaelic
Bláth shneachdaidh (snowy blossom)
Gealag láir
(white mare or white earth?)
Jersey
Bouonnefemmes (Girls of Bounne (a harbour town in Jersey))
P'tite nue (nude maid)
BALTIC AND SCANDINAVIA
Latvian
Pasniedzīte
Sniedzenes
Sniegpulkstenīte, (Snow Bellflowers)
baltā (Whites)
Zvaniņi, (Bells)
Sniega (Snowy)
Estonia
Harilik lumikelluke,
Lumikelluke
Lithuanian:
Balandžio lelijėlės (April Lillies)
Balaudinė
Baltžiedė
Balžiedė
Baltoji snieguolė (White Snow White)
Ledlelija / Ledlelijikės (Ice Lilly)
Panelės (Girls/Maidens)
Sniegainė
Sniegena
Snieginėlė panelė (Snow Maiden/girl)
Snieglelijėlė (Snow Lillies)
Snieguolė, (Snow White - not literal)
Snieguolis
Saltoji
Swedish
Snödroppe (snowdrop)
Snödroppssläktet
Norwegian
Snøklokke (snow clock)
Danish
Vintergaek (Winters Fool - col. The Trick flower))
Gaekkebrev (Trick letter Flower - see link below)Februar-lilje (February-lily)
Gække-blomst (Fools-flower)
Hvidklokke (White Bell)
Martsblomst (March Flower),
Tormaanedslilje
Vinterblomst, (Winter Flower)
Vinterlilje, (Winter Lilly)
Blidelslilje (Blidels Lilly)
Finnish
Lumikello (snow clock)
NORTHERN EUROPE (NORTH OF THE ALPS)
French scholarly
Viellet blanche (1549) (white Violet)Gallantien nivale (1786) (Snow Galant)
French - widespread
- Perce-neige (1641) (Snow Piercer)
- Campane blanche (1615) (White Bells)
- Campane des neiges (1872) (Snow Bells)
- Campanule blanche (1858) (White Bellflower)
- Campane (1830)
- Cloche blanche (1770) (White Bells)
- Cloche d'hiver (1863) (Winter Bells)
- Clochette d'hiver (1857) (Little Winter Bells)
- Clochette (Little Bells)
- Grillet blanc (1671) (Little Bells)
- Grelot blanc (White Bells)
- 'Bonshommes' (1884) (or 'good Christians' was how the believers of the Cathar movement referred to themselves)
- Nivéole du printemps (1820) (Spring snowflake??)
- French Regional
- Chandeleur (1786) Candeleur (1906)(Candlemas) Anjou, Maine, Normandi
- Porillon de la Chandeleur (1881) (Candlemas narcissus) Anjou, Maine, Normandi
- Violette de la Chandeleur (1819) (Candlemas Violet) Anjou, Maine, Normandi
- Goutte de lait (1882) (Milk drop) Champagne
- Claudinette (because the flower was introduced by a monk called Claude)Ardennes, Lorraine
- Pucelle (1816) ( a flower dedicated to the Virgin Marie and Candlemas) Lorraine/ Waloon
- Bergougnouse (1846) ("modest, shameful" in Gascon.) Gascony
- Schneeglèkel/Schneegloeckle (Snow Flower) Alsace
GERMAN
German Candlemas
Lichtmess-Glöckchen/Lichtmess-Glocken (Candlemas bells) Marienkerzen (Mary's Candles)
Weißglatze (White Virgin)
Josefs-Blume (St Joseph's Flower)
Marien-Zannchen (Mary's Teeth) (Marsell'e Pflansennamen. Leipzig 1927 - 79)
Oster-Blume (Easter Flower) (Marsell'e Pflansennamen. Leipzig 1927 - 79)
Oster-locke (Easter Bells) (Marsell'e Pflansennamen. Leipzig 1927 - 79)
Pfingst-Blume (Pentacost Flower)(Marsell'e Pflansennamen. Leipzig 1927 - 79)
German Common
Schnee-Durchstecher (Snow Piercers)
Nakelt/Nackte Jungfer (Naked Maiden)
Weiße Jungfer/Weiße Jungfrau (White Maid)
Milchblume (Milk Flower)
Hübsches Februar-Mädchen (Pretty February Girls)
Februarmädchen (Girls of February)
Schneeglöckchen/Sneeklocken (Little Snow Bells / Snowflowers)
Schneeguckerchen
Schneekater
Schneekater
Schneetulpe:
(Snow tulip)
Frühlingsglöckchen (Spring Flowers)
Märzglöckchen
(March Bells),
Märzveilchen (March Violets)
Lausblume
Lausbüschel
Lausbüschel
Luxembourg
Schnéikläckelchen
Flemish
lichtmisbloem (candlemas-bells)
Dutch (Special thanks to Hanna Dermauw )
Dutch Candlemas type
Lichtmisklokjes (Candlemas bells)Lichtmisbloempje (Candlemas flowers)
Vastenavondgekjes (Shrove Tuesday Fools)
Local to Asse
Vastenavondzotjes (Shrove Tuesday Fools) Local to Lokeren
Vastenavondgastje (Shrove Tuesday Guests)
Vastenavondgastje (Shrove Tuesday Guests)
Sint Antoniusbloem (St Anthony's Flowers) local to Vollezele
Dutch Common
Eerste februaribloemen (First February Flowers)
Febrewarigekje (February's Fool)
Febrewarigekje (February's Fool)
Zomerzotjes/zeumerzotjes (Summers Fools) local to Antwerp
Mèèrtbleumkes (March (?) Flowers)
Juffrouwkens (Little Misses) Local to Rillaar
Vroegopjes (Early Risers)
Witte tijdeloos (white timeless)
Mooie meisjes (pretty girls)
Juffrouwkens (Little Misses) Local to Rillaar
Vroegopjes (Early Risers)
Witte tijdeloos (white timeless)
Mooie meisjes (pretty girls)
Snottebel Booger local to Ooat-Vlaanderen
Spijtse duivelkens (????- Devils) local to Kortrijk
Zwaluweikens (Swallow Eggs) local to Steenokkerzzeel
Zottemuts (Crazy Hats)
Klökje (Bells)
Spijtse duivelkens (????- Devils) local to Kortrijk
Zwaluweikens (Swallow Eggs) local to Steenokkerzzeel
Zottemuts (Crazy Hats)
Klökje (Bells)
Sneeuwklokje/Sneeuwvlokje/Sneeuwbloempje (snowbellflower)
Lenteklokje (Spring Bells)
Liderke/lidertje (Annoncers) Local to Western Frisian
Winterliedertjes (Winter Announcers)
Sneeuwdwinger (Snow Piercer. Only
used in a book)
Dutch Nude Maidens type (naakte = naked)
Naakte/nakende mannetjes (Nude boys)
Naakte wijfjes/ nakene meiskes/nekene wijfkes/noakende wiefkes/nakende mannetjes/nakende mantsjes/nakene meisjes/nakene meiskes/nekene wijfkes/noakende wiefkes/nakende vrouwtjes/ Akkene meisjes/Akenjuffers (Nude maids, girls)
Nakende aarsjes (Nude Children - Only used in a book)
Nakende aarsjes (Nude Children - Only used in a book)
Swiss
Amselblumli (Blackbird flower)
Flouou dé chen dzojé (2005) (Flower of St Joseph)
Clhujà Sent Jeuziê (1997) (? St Joseph) Alps
Schneeglöggli
Polish
Sniezyczka przebisnieg
Gładysz, gładyszek
Śniegula / śniegułka
gładyszkiem (snowstorm)
Russian
подснежник/подснежниками/подснежника([pod'snezhnik], literally "under snow")
снежинка,
снегурка (Snow Maiden)
сон-трава (Sleep grass) local Nizhny Novgorod
белоснежный
Belorussian Praleska
SOUTHERN EUROPE
Spanish
Campanilla de invierno (Winter Bells)
Galanto
Flor de nieve (Snow Piercer)
Catalan
Lliri neu (1991) (Snow Lily)
Italian (strangely missing Candlemas names?)
Bucaneve (Snow punch/piercer)
Lacrima bianca, (White Tears)
Stella del mattino, (Morning Star)
Fior di neve, (Snow Flower)
Galantino
Fora Neve (Snow Cutter/Piercer)
Campanella del Lupo (Bells of the Wolf)
Freidolina — Piedmontese
Bicchiere della Madonna (Glass of the Madonna) (also applied to Convolvulus ) Umbria
Fura-neve (Snow Piercer)
THE BALKANS & EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Bulgaria
Kokiche,
Обикновено кокиче
Turkey
Kardelen
(Öksüzoğlan, aktaş, akbardak, karga soğanı (crows onions).)
Greek λευκόιο
Albania Lulebore
Romania
Ghiocel/Ghiocei
aişoară, (Garlic)
aişor,
cloconei,
cloconel,
clocoţăi-de-omăt, (Snow Bells?)
clocoţei, (bells)
clopoţei, (bells)
clopoţei-de-
cocorei,
ghilicei,
ghiocel,
ghirele, (Violets)
giorele,
luşte, Lust,
primăvăriţă, (Spring)
primăvăruţă, (Spring)
pur, (pure)
tontoroşel,
usturoiţă. (garlic)
Moldovian
Pasalic,
Ciocalau
Croatian
Visibaba
dremuljka, (Dream Plant?)
bablji klimpač,
cinglica, (???? - faces?)
mali zvonček, (Small Bell)
podremušak,
dremovac, (Snowflake - not literal)
debeloglavka
Slovene Mali Zvonček (Little Bells)
Serbian: Висибаба
Ukrainian: Підсніжник
Turkish Kardelen
Yugoslavia (hr, yu)
Czechoslovakia (cz): Sněženka, Sněženka podsněžník
Slovak: Snežienka jarná
Hungary: Hóvirág, Kikeleti
Arabic: زهرة اللبن الشتوية
Georgian: თეთრყვავილა
CAUCUS MOUNTAINS
Adygian
гъэтхэпэ къэгъагъ (Spring Flower)
|
Azerbaijani: Qar xədicəgülü
Mongolians Yarguy
References
Light in the Early Church: http://archive.churchsociety.org/publications/tracts/CAT091_AltarLights.pdf
Elice Hopkins : http://www.thatlineofdarkness.com/2014/01/ellice-hopkins-and-josephine-butler-two.html
Plant Lore, Legends, and lyrics, Embracing the Myths, Traditions, Superstions, and Folk-lore of the Plant Kingdom by Richard Folkard
alzheimers http://www.life-enhancement.com/magazine/article/488-fight-alzheimers-disease
Snow drop bands : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029800200160
Candlemas in Italy http://www.comuneaidomaggiore.it/aidomaggiore-com/manifestazioni/candelora/candelora07.htm
Imbolc: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc
Dictionery of plant law DC Watts 2007
Excellent source of French names with references http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Galanthus/galanthine.htm
Russian folklaw - https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.pro-rasteniya.ru/lukovichnie-i-klubnelukovichnie/podsnezhniki-galantus-galantus&prev=search
Dutch sites
http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/sneeuwklokje
http://annetanne.be/kruidenklets/2007/12/10/sneeuwklokje-etymologie-folklore/
http://annetanne.be/kruidenklets/2008/01/08/sneeuwklokje-galantamine/
http://www.adolphus.nl/xus/antonplant3.html
http://annetanne.be/kruidenklets/2007/12/10/sneeuwklokje-etymologie-folklore/
http://annetanne.be/kruidenklets/2008/01/08/sneeuwklokje-galantamine/
http://www.adolphus.nl/xus/antonplant3.html
Danish tradition of trick letters http://www.mariasdaisies.com/2011/01/snowdrop-tease-vintergaek-sommernar.html
Croatian : https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visibabe
Romanian Sites
http://www.muntesiflori.ro/galanthus-nivalis-foto/
Italian - glass of the madonna story https://goodmorningumbria.wordpress.com/category/la-magia-delle-erbe/
multinational snowdrop names site http://www.megabytedata.com/MB054/allnames.asp?ID=1070011
Grimms fairy tale - Snowwhite http://www.authorama.com/grimms-fairy-tales-31.html Snow white and blood.
Martisor - https://ursusspelaeus.wordpress.com/2011/02/17/folk-/
elenSome of her neighbours declared that they had no time for such idle kickshaws, but many of the village folk in the eighteenth century still kept up the custom of the " white purification," as it was then called.
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